Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union. The economic and monetary union (EMU) of the European Union is a group of policies aimed at converging the economies of member states of the European Union at three stages. There are three stages of the EMU, each of which consists of progressively closer economic integration. Only once a state participates in the third stage it is permitted to adopt the euro as its official currency. As such, the third stage is largely synonymous with the eurozone. The euro convergence criteria are the set of requirements that needs to be fulfilled in order for a country to be approved to participate in the third stage. An important element of this is participation for a minimum of two years in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism ("ERM II"), in which candidate currencies demonstrate economic convergence by maintaining limited deviation from their target rate against the euro. The EMU policies cover all European Union member states. All new EU member states...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:10:40
Organization
European Investment Bank. The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the European Union's investment bank and is owned by the EU Member States. It is one of the largest supranational lenders in the world. The EIB finances and invests both through equity and debt solutions projects that achieve the policy aims of the European Union through loans, guarantees and technical assistance.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:10:40
European Investment Bank. The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the European Union's investment bank and is owned by the 27 member states. It is the largest multilateral financial institution in the world. The EIB finances and invests both through equity and debt solutions companies and projects that achieve the policy aims of the European Union through loans, equity and guarantees. The EIB focuses on the areas of climate, environment, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), development, cohesion and infrastructure. It has played a large role in providing finance during crises including the 2008 financial crash and the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 60 years since its inception in 1958 to 2018 the EIB has invested over 1.1 trillion euros. It primarily funds projects that "cannot be entirely financed by the various means available in the individual Member States". The EIB is one of the biggest financiers of green finance in the world. In 2007, the EIB became the...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:10:39
Organization
Paris Club. The Paris Club (French: Club de Paris) is a group of officials from major creditor countries whose role is to find co-ordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries. As debtor countries undertake reforms to stabilize and restore their macroeconomic and financial situation, Paris Club creditors provide an appropriate debt treatment. Since 1956, the Paris Club has signed 433 agreements with 90 countries covering over US$583 billion.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:10:38
Paris Club. Paris Club (French: Club de Paris) is a group of major creditor countries aiming to provide a sustainable way to tackle debt problems in debtor countries. The Paris Club treats public claims (that is to say, those due by governments of debtor countries and by the private sector), guaranteed by the public sector to Paris Club members. A similar process used to occur for public debt held by private creditors in the London Club, which was organized in 1970 on the model of the Paris Club as an informal group of commercial banks renegotiating together the debt they hold on sovereign debtors (countries to which they extended loans) which were no longer able to repay. Creditor countries meet c. ten times a year for Tour d'Horizon and negotiating sessions. To facilitate Paris Club operations, the French Treasury provides a small secretariat, and the Director general of the French Treasury acts as chairman. Paris...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:10:38
Organization
Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders. The Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (Dutch: Nederlands-Vlaamse Accreditatieorganisatie; NVAO) is the independent educational accreditation organisation for higher education institutions in the Netherlands and Flanders. It was established by international treaty by the Dutch government and the Flemish government in Belgium, for the purpose of ensuring the quality of higher education in the Netherlands and Flanders by accrediting study programmes. The Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (NVAO) was established in 2005 by the Dutch and Flemish governments as an independent accreditation organisation tasked with providing an expert and objective assessment of the quality of higher education in the Netherlands and Flanders. NVAO is an international body established by treaty, which is recognised as a legal entity under Dutch public law, in accordance with the Treaty of 3 September 2003 between the...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:10:37
Organization
Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders. The Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (Dutch: Nederlands-Vlaamse Accreditatieorganisatie; NVAO) is the independent educational accreditation organisation for higher education institutions in the Netherlands and Flanders. It was established by international treaty by the Dutch government and the Flemish government in Belgium, for the purpose of ensuring the quality of higher education in the Netherlands and Flanders by accrediting study programmes.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:10:37
Organization
United Nations Human Rights Council. The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world. The Council has 47 members elected for staggered three-year terms on a regional group basis. The headquarters of the Council are at the United Nations Office at Geneva in Switzerland.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:09:03
United Nations Human Rights Council. The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world. The Council has 47 members elected for staggered three-year terms on a regional group basis. The headquarters of the Council are at the United Nations Office at Geneva in Switzerland. The Council investigates allegations of breaches of human rights in United Nations member states and addresses thematic human rights issues like freedom of association and assembly, freedom of expression, freedom of belief and religion, women's rights, LGBT rights, and the rights of racial and ethnic minorities. The Council was established by the United Nations General Assembly on 15 March 2006 to replace the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR, herein CHR). The Council works closely with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and engages the United Nations special procedures...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:09:02
Organization
ANZUS. The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is a 1951 non-binding collective security agreement between Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the United States, to co-operate on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region, although today the treaty is taken to relate to conflicts worldwide. It provides that an armed attack on any of the three parties would be dangerous to the others, and that each should act to meet the common threat. It set up a committee of foreign ministers that can meet for consultation.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:09:01
ANZUS. The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is a 1951 collective security agreement initially formed between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. It requires the parties to maintain their "capacity to resist armed attack", consult with each other on security matters in the Pacific and declares that an armed attack on any of the parties "would be dangerous to [each signatories] peace and safety" and that each signatory "would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes". It also provides for a council of the signatories foreign ministers, in which the implementation of the treaty can be discussed. The treaty was one of a series that the United States formed in the 1949???1955 era as part of its collective response to the threat of communism during the Cold War. New Zealand was suspended from ANZUS in 1986 as it initiated a nuclear-free zone in its...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:09:01
Organization
North American Free Trade Agreement. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA /??n??ft??/; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de Am??rica del Norte, TLCAN; French: Accord de libre-??change nord-am??ricain, AL??NA) was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada???United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada. The NAFTA trade bloc formed one of the largest trade blocs in the world by gross domestic product.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:09:00
North American Free Trade Agreement. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA NAF-t??; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de Am??rica del Norte, TLCAN; French: Accord de libre-??change nord-am??ricain, AL??NA) was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada???United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada. The NAFTA trade bloc formed one of the largest trade blocs in the world by gross domestic product. The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. president Ronald Reagan, who made the idea part of his 1980 presidential campaign. After the signing of the Canada???United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the administrations of U.S. president George H. W...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:08:59
Organization
Arctic Council. The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic. At present, eight countries exercise sovereignty over the lands within the Arctic Circle, and these constitute the member states of the council: Canada; Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway; Russia; Sweden; and the United States. Other countries or national groups can be admitted as observer states, while organizations representing the concerns of indigenous peoples can be admitted as indigenous permanent participants.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:08:58
Arctic Council. The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arcticregion. At present, eight countries exercise sovereignty over the lands within the Arctic Circle, and these constitute the member states of the council: Canada; Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway; Russia; Sweden; and the United States. Other countries or national groups can be admitted as observer states, while organizations representing the concerns of indigenous peoples can be admitted as indigenous permanent participants. History The first step towards the formation of the Council occurred in 1991 when the eight Arctic countries signed the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS). The 1996 Ottawa Declaration established the Arctic Council as a forum for promoting cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic states, with the involvement...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:08:58
Organization
Central Bank of Yemen. The Central Bank of Yemen (Arabic: ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????) is the central bank of Yemen. The Bank is engaged in developing policies to promote financial inclusion and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. The Central Bank of North Yemen was established in 1971 and the Central Bank of South Yemen in 1972. When the northern and southern sectors of Yemen reunited on 22 May 1990, the Central Bank of Yemen (of the north) merged with the Bank of Yemen (of the south) under the original name of ???Central Bank of Yemen???.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:08:03
Central Bank of Yemen. The Central Bank of Yemen (Arabic: ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????) is the central bank of Yemen. The Bank is engaged in developing policies to promote financial inclusion and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. The Central Bank of North Yemen was established in 1971 and the Central Bank of South Yemen in 1972. When the northern and southern sectors of Yemen reunited on 22 May 1990, the Central Bank of Yemen (of the north) merged with the Bank of Yemen (of the south) under the original name of ???Central Bank of Yemen???. Due to the Yemeni Civil War, the bank is bifurcated between the Central Bank of Yemen in Aden (CBY-Aden) and the Central Bank of Yemen in Sanaa (CBY-Sanaa). Governors of the Central Bank Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, 1971-1975 Abdulla al-Sanabani, 1975-1985 Mohammad Ahmed al-Junaid, 1985-1990 Mohammad Ahmed al...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:08:00
Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates. The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates (Arabic: ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????) (Central Bank of the UAE or CBUAE) is the state institution responsible for managing the currency, monetary policy, banking and insurance regulation in the United Arab Emirates. History The predecessor of the central bank was the Currency Board which was established on 19 May 1973. This followed the creation of the UAE as an independent state in 1971. The original purpose of the UAE Currency Board was to issue an independent currency for the new state to replace the existing currencies in use: the Qatari riyal and the Bahraini Dinar. The new UAE dirham entered circulation on the same day the Currency Board was established. At this time, the Currency Board of the UAE did not have full central bank powers. It was mandated to manage the currency and the country's gold and foreign exchange reserves...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:07:59
Organization
Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates. The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates (Arabic: ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????) (also known as Central Bank of the UAE or simply CBUAE) is the state institution responsible for managing the currency, monetary policy and banking regulation in the United Arab Emirates.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:07:58
Central Bank of Syria. The Central Bank of Syria (CBS; Arabic: ???????? ?????????? ??????????????, romanized: Masrif Suriat Almarkazi) is the central bank of Syria. The bank was established in 1953 and started operations in 1956. Its headquarters are in Damascus, with 11 branches in the provincial capitals. The objective of the bank is "to foster the stability, integrity and efficiency of the nation???s financial and payment systems so as to promote optimal macro economic performance". The CBS issues Syria's currency, the Syrian pound (LS), and sets the intervention price in the foreign currency market for the Syrian pound on a daily basis. The CBS exercises control over all banks operating in Syria. History At independence, French- and British-owned banks dominated banking activity in Syria. The largest bank, the...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:07:54
Organization
Central Bank of Syria. The Central Bank of Syria (CBS; Arabic: ???????? ?????????? ??????????????, romanized: Masrif Suriat Almarkazi) is the central bank of Syria. The bank was established in 1953 and started operations in 1956. Its headquarters are in Damascus, with 11 branches in the provincial capitals. The objective of the bank is "to foster the stability, integrity and efficiency of the nation???s financial and payment systems so as to promote optimal macro economic performance". The CBS exercises control over all banks operating in Syria.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:07:53
Central Bank of Sudan. The Central Bank of Sudan (Arabic: ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????) is the central bank of Sudan. The bank was formed in 1960, four years after Sudan's independence. It is located in the capital Khartoum. In April 2023, the Central Bank's headquarters was destroyed during the Sudanese civil war (2023-present). History When Sudan achieved independence in 1956, the creation of a central bank was a priority. A 3-man commission of experts from the United States's Federal Reserve, worked with Sudanese government and finance specialists to create the Law of the Bank of Sudan for 1959, and in 1960 the Bank of Sudan began operations. To establish the bank, the Sudanese government nationalized the National Bank of Egypt's operations in the Sudan (some seven branches), and combined them with the Sudanese currency board. In addition to the normal duties of a central bank, which may include...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:07:51
Organization
Central Bank of Sudan. The Central Bank of Sudan (Arabic: ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????) is the central bank of Sudan. The bank was formed in 1960, four years after Sudan's independence. It is located in the capital Khartoum.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:07:51
Organization
Central Bank of Somalia. The Central Bank of Somalia (CBS) (Somali: Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Arabic: ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????????) is the monetary authority of Somalia. Somalia has struggled to reestablish a functioning state since the collapse of an authoritarian regime in 1991. Somalia has been cited as a real-world example of an anarchist stateless society and a country with no formal legal system. The Transitional Federal Government, formed in 2004, was recognized as the central government of Somalia. Among other duties, it is in charge of ensuring financial stability, maintaining the internal and external value of the local currency, and promoting credit and exchange conditions that facilitate the balanced growth of the national economy. Within the scope of its powers, it also contributes to the financial and e
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:07:50
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