Cornish. Cornish is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Cornish people and their homeland, Cornwall. Along with Welsh and Breton, Cornish descends from Common Brittonic, a language once spoken widely across Great Britain. For much of the medieval period Cornish was the main language of Cornwall, until it was gradually pushed westwards by the spread of English. Cornish remained a common community language in parts of Cornwall until the mid-18th century, and there is some evidence for traditional speakers persisting into the 19th century.
modern_languagenatural_languageUnited Kingdom
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Welsh. Welsh is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken natively in Wales by about 18% of the population, by some in England, and in Y Wladfa. Historically, it has also been known in English as British, Cambrian, Cambric and Cymric.
modern_languagenatural_languageArgentinaUnited Kingdom
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Scots. Scots is a language variety of West Germanic origin. It is an Anglic language and descended from Early Middle English; therefore, Modern Scots is a sister language of Modern English. Scots is classified as an official language of Scotland, a regional or minority language of Europe, and a vulnerable language by UNESCO. In a Scottish census from 2022, over 1.5??million people in Scotland reported being able to speak Scots.
modern_languagenatural_languageIrelandUnited Kingdom
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Tamil. Tamil is a Dravidian language spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia where they are concentrated in Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. It is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world, attested since c. 300 BCE.
modern_languagenatural_languageIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMalaysiaMauritiusSingaporeSouth AfricaSri Lanka
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Romansh. Romansh is a Romance language of the Gallo-Romance and/or Rhaeto-Romance branch of languages spoken predominantly in the Swiss canton of the Grisons (Graub??nden). Romansh has been recognized as a national language of Switzerland since 1938, and as an official language in correspondence with Romansh-speaking citizens since 1996, along with German, French, and Italian. It also has official status in the canton of the Grisons alongside German and Italian and is used as the medium of instruction in schools in Romansh-speaking areas. It is sometimes grouped by linguists with Ladin and Friulian as the Rhaeto-Romance languages, though this is disputed.
modern_languagenatural_languageSwitzerland
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Yiddish. Yiddish, historically Judeo-German or Jewish German, is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, and provided the nascent Ashkenazi community with a vernacular based on High German fused with many elements taken from Hebrew and to some extent Aramaic. Most varieties of Yiddish include elements of Slavic languages, and the vocabulary contains traces of Romance languages. Yiddish has traditionally been written using the Hebrew alphabet.
macrolanguagemodern_languagenatural_languageArgentinaAustraliaAustriaBelarusBelgiumBosnia & HerzegovinaBrazilCanadaCosta RicaEstoniaFranceGermanyHungaryIsraelLatviaLithuaniaMexicoMoldovaNetherlandsPanamaPolandRomaniaRussiaSouth AfricaSwedenSwitzerlandUkraineUnited KingdomUnited StatesUruguay
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Me??nkieli. Me??nkieli, also known as Tornedalian, is a Finnic language or a group of distinct Finnish dialects spoken in the northernmost part of Sweden, particularly along the Torne River Valley (Me??nmaa). It is officially recognized in Sweden as one of the country's five minority languages and is treated as a separate language from Finnish. According to the National Association of Swedish Tornedalians, 70,000 individuals understand Me??nkieli, at least to some level. Most fluent speakers are aged 65 or older.
language2modern_languageFinlandSweden
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Basque. Basque is a language spoken by Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of southwestern France and northern Spain. Basque is the only known language isolate in all of Europe. The Basques are indigenous to and primarily inhabit the Basque Country. Basque has 806,000 speakers: 93.7% (756,000) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.3% (51,000) are in the French portion.
modern_languagenatural_languageFranceSpain
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Occitan. Occitan, also known by its native speakers as lenga d'??c, sometimes also referred to as Proven??al, is a Romance language spoken in southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as in the Catalonian Val d'Aran; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania. It is also spoken in the southern Italian province of Cosenza. There it is referred to as Gardiol, which is considered a separate Occitanic language. The linguistic distance between Catalan and some Occitan dialects is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects, and Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative. Occitan has a particularly rich lexicon. Lo Panoccinari, considered the most comprehensive dictionary ever published in this language, records over 250,000 unique words.
modern_languagenatural_languageFranceItalyMonacoSpain
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Galician. Galician, also known as Galego, is a Western Ibero-Romance language. Around 2.4??million people have at least some degree of competence in the language, mainly in Galicia, an autonomous community located in northwestern Spain, where it has official status along with Spanish. The language is also spoken in some border zones of the neighbouring Spanish regions of Asturias and Castile and Le??n, as well as by Galician migrant communities in the rest of Spain; in Latin America, including Argentina and Uruguay; and in Puerto Rico, the United States, Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe.
language2modern_languagePortugalSpain
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Language
Romani. Romani is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani people. The largest Romani dialects are Vlax Romani, Balkan Romani (600,000), and Sinte Romani (300,000). Some Romani communities speak mixed languages based on the surrounding language with retained Romani-derived vocabulary ??? these are known by linguists as Para-Romani varieties, rather than dialects of the Romani language itself.
macrolanguagemodern_languagenatural_languageAlbaniaAustriaBosnia & HerzegovinaColombiaDenmarkFinlandGermanyHungaryMontenegroNorth MacedoniaNorwayPolandRomaniaSerbiaSlovakiaSweden
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Slovak. Slovak, is a West Slavic language of the Czech???Slovak group, written in Latin script. It is part of the Indo-European language family, and is one of the Slavic languages, which are part of the larger Balto-Slavic branch. Spoken by approximately five million people as a native language, primarily ethnic Slovaks, it serves as the official language of Slovakia and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union.
language2modern_languageHungaryRomaniaSerbiaSlovakiaUkraine
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Azerbaijani. Azerbaijani or Azeri is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch. It is spoken primarily by the Azerbaijani people, who are native to the Azerbaijan region of Iran, as well as the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Iranian Azerbaijanis speak South Azerbaijani, while the ones in the Republic speak North Azerbaijani; but it is unclear whether these two varieties form one language, as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) considers Northern and Southern Azerbaijani to be distinct languages.
macrolanguagemodern_languagenatural_languageAfghanistanArmeniaAzerbaijanGeorgiaGermanyIranIraqKazakhstanKyrgyzstanRussiaSyriaTurkeyTurkmenistanUkraineUnited StatesUzbekistan
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Mari. The Mari language, formerly known as the Cheremiss language, spoken by approximately 400,000 people, belongs to the Uralic language family. It is spoken primarily in the Mari Republic of the Russian Federation, as well as in the area along the Vyatka river basin and eastwards to the Urals. Mari speakers, known as the Mari, are found also in the Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, and Perm regions.
language2macrolanguagemodern_languageRussia
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Tat. Tat, also known as Caucasian Persian, Tat/Tati Persian, or Caucasian Tat, is a Southwestern Iranian language closely related to Persian and spoken by the Tats in Azerbaijan and Russia.
language2modern_languageAzerbaijanIranIsraelRussia
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Komi. Komi, also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan, is the native language of the Komi (Zyrians). It is one of the Permic languages; the other regional varieties are Komi-Permyak, which has official status, and Komi-Yazva.
macrolanguagemodern_languagenatural_languageRussia
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Ukrainian. Ukrainian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians.
modern_languagenatural_languageBelarusCanadaCzech Rep.HungaryKazakhstanMoldovaPolandRomaniaRussiaSerbiaSlovakiaUkraineUnited States
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Tsakhur. Tsakhur is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Tsakhurs in northern Azerbaijan and southwestern Dagestan (Russia). It is spoken by about 11,700 people in Azerbaijan and by about 10,600 people in Russia. The word Tsakhur derives from the name of a Dagestani village where speakers of this language make up the majority.
modern_languagenatural_languageAzerbaijanRussia
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Kumyk. Kumyk is a Turkic language spoken by about 520,000 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation. Until the 20th century Kumyk was the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus.
modern_languagenatural_languageRussia
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Aghul. Aghul is a Lezgic language within the Northeast Caucasian family, primarily spoken by the Aghuls in Azerbaijan and Southern Dagestan in Russia. It is spoken by about 33,200 people.
modern_languagenatural_languageRussia
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Ossetian. Ossetian, commonly referred to as Ossetic and rarely as Ossete, is an Eastern Iranic language that is spoken predominantly in Ossetia, a region situated on both sides of the Greater Caucasus, on the Russia-Georgia border. It is the native language of the Ossetian people, and a relative and possibly a descendant of the extinct Scythian, Sarmatian, and Alanic languages.
modern_languagenatural_languageGeorgiaRussiaTurkey
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Kalmyk. Kalmyk language, formerly anglicized as Calmuck, is a variety of the Oirat language, natively spoken by the Kalmyk people of Kalmykia, a federal subject of Russia. In Russia's Kalmykia, the modern Kalmyk language is the standard form of the Oirat Mongolian that based on the Torgut dialect, which belongs to the Mongolic language family. The Kalmyk people of the Northwest Caspian Sea of Russia claim descent from the Oirats from Eurasia, who have also historically settled in Mongolia and Northwest China. According to UNESCO, the language is "definitely endangered". According to the Russian census of 2021, there are 110,000 speakers out of an ethnic population consisting of 178,000 people.
language2Russia
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Kabardian. Kabardian, also known as East Circassian, is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the eastern subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia in the Caucasus, it is official in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, but is mostly spoken in the Circassian diaspora.
modern_languagenatural_languageGermanyJordanRussiaSaudi ArabiaSyriaTurkeyUnited States
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Lak. Lak is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within the family. It is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan, where it is one of six official languages. It is spoken by about 157,000 people.
modern_languagenatural_languageRussia
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